Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, the Chester Concession. In the United States, the treaty was rejected by several groups, including the Committee Against the Treaty of Lausanne (COLT), and on January 18, 1927, the United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty by 50 votes to 34, six votes less than the two-thirds required by the Constitution. [20] As a result, Turkey cancelled the concession. [9] The division of the Ottoman Empire began with the Treaty of London (1915)[1] and continued with several agreements, most unilaterally between the Allies. British troops began occupying key buildings of the Empire and arresting nationalists after the establishment of military rule on the night of March 15, 1920. On the 18th. In March 1920, the Ottoman parliament met and sent a protest to the Allies that it was unacceptable to arrest five of its members. This was the last meeting of the corps and marked the end of the Ottoman political system. Sultan Mehmed VI dissolved the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire on April 11, 1920.
The government of Constantinople, with the bureaucracy but without the parliament, remained active with the sultan as the decision-maker. [2] After World War II, nationalist sentiments were on the rise in the Middle East, especially Iranian nationalism. The AIOC and the pro-Western Iranian government of Prime Minister Ali Razmara initially resisted nationalist pressure to further revise the CONDITIONS OF the AIOC`s concession in favor of Iran. In May 1949, Britain proposed a “supplementary oil deal” to ease unrest in the country, but it did not satisfy Iranian nationalists because it did not give them the right to revise the AIOC books. On March 7, 1951, Prime Minister Haj Haj Ali Razmara was assassinated by Fadayan-e Islam. Fadayan-e Islam supported the demands of the National Front, which held a minority of seats in parliament, to nationalize the assets of the British Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. In 1923, Burmah hired Winston Churchill as a paid advisor to influence the British government to grant the APOC exclusive rights to Persian oil resources which were later granted. In 1933, APOC struck a deal with Iran`s Reza Shah that promised to give workers better pay and more opportunities for advancement, and to build schools, hospitals, roads, and a telephone system. These promises have not been kept. In 1935, APOC changed its name to Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). The terms were negotiated by British diplomat Mark Sykes and a French counterpart, François Georges-Picot.
The Tsarist government was a subordinate party to the Sykes-Picot Agreement; When the Bolsheviks published the agreement on November 23, 1917, after the Russian Revolution, “the British were embarrassed, the Arabs dismayed, and the Turks delighted.” Here it is possible to find a balance between the Treaties of Lausanne II and the “Treaty of Nanking”, which China ceded to Britain after the First Opium War, by signing the Chenba Agreement, which aims to end the First Anglo-Chinese Conflict. After the German invasion of the USSR in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became allies. Britain and the USSR saw the newly opened Trans-Raitan Railway as an attractive route for transporting supplies, including oil, from the Persian Gulf to the Soviet Union. Britain and the USSR used concessions made in previous interventions to pressure Iran (and, in Britain`s case, Iraq) to allow their territory to be used for military and logistical purposes. Rising tensions with Britain have led to pro-German rallies in Tehran. In August 1941, because Reza Shah refused to expel all German nationals and clearly sided with the Allies, Britain and the USSR invaded Iran, arrested the monarch and sent him into exile in South Africa, where they took control of Iranian communications and the coveted railway. They put Reza Shah`s son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, on the Iranian-Persian throne. The new Shah quickly signed an agreement promising full non-military logistical cooperation with the British and Soviets in exchange for full recognition of his country`s independence and a promise to withdraw from Iran within six months of the end of the war. In 1839, Britain invaded China to crush resistance to its involvement in the country`s economic and political affairs, and one of the main objectives of the British war was to occupy Hong Kong Island, populated off the coast of southeastern China.
The new British colony (Hong Kong Island) experienced prosperity as it became a trading center between East and West and a commercial gateway and distribution center for southern China, and in 1898, Britain received an additional 99 years of rule over Hong Kong under the Second Beijing Accords. As Sykes-Picot`s centenary approaches in 2016, media and academia have generated great interest in the long-term effects of the agreement. He is often cited as having created “artificial” borders in the Middle East, “regardless of ethnic or sectarian characteristics that have led to endless conflicts.” The extent to which Sykes-Picot actually shaped the borders of the modern Middle East is controversial, and scientists often attribute instability in the region to other factors. The agreement is seen by many as a turning point in Western and Arab relations. He denied the promises made by Britain to the Arabs by Colonel T. E. Lawrence for a national Arab homeland in the greater Syria region in exchange for British support against the Ottoman Empire. In September 1984, after years of negotiations, the British and Chinese signed a formal agreement authorizing the return of the island to China in 1997 in exchange for China`s promise to maintain Hong Kong`s capitalist system, and on the first of July 1997, Hong Kong was officially handed over to China at a ceremony attended by a number of Chinese and British personalities. The head of Hong Kong`s new government, Tung Chee Hwa, has established a policy based on the concept of “one country, two systems” that maintains Hong Kong`s role as a major capitalist center in Asia. During World War I, Britain produced three opposing but perfectly compatible statements about its ambitions for Palestine.
By British intelligence officer T. E. Lawrence (aka Lawrence of Arabia), Britain supported the creation of a unified Arab state covering much of the Arab Middle East in exchange for British Arab support during the war. Thus, in the McMahon-Hussein correspondence, the United Kingdom agreed that it would honor Arab independence if they revolted against the Ottomans, but the two sides had different interpretations of this agreement. In the end, Britain and France divided the region under the Sykes-Picot agreement, an act of treason in the eyes of the Arabs. Even more puzzling was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which promised British support for a Jewish “national home” in Palestine. As early as the first week of October 1918, the Ottoman government and several Turkish leaders contacted the Allies to explore the possibilities of peace. Britain, whose forces were then occupying much of the Ottoman territories, was reluctant to withdraw for its allies, especially France, which was to take control of the Syrian coast and much of present-day Lebanon under a 1916 agreement. In a move that angered his French counterpart Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister David Lloyd George and his cabinet allowed Admiral Arthur Calthorpe, commander of the British Navy in the Aegean Sea, to negotiate an immediate ceasefire with Turkey without consulting France. Although Britain alone would bring about the Ottoman exit from the war, the two powerful allies would continue to fight for control of the region at the Paris Peace Conference and for years beyond. According to Mohamed Abdel-Kader Khalil, an Egyptian expert on Turkish affairs, “Turkish foreign policy in the Middle East is linked to the deployment of Turkish military capabilities in the region.
This is reflected in Turkey`s military concentrations on the borders with Iraq and Syria and in its engagement in the Red Sea through an agreement on the Sudanese island of Sawken, as well as in turkey`s military intervention in the northern Syrian city of Afrin. These military interventions took place in the context of a previous Turkish intervention in northern Iraq, with the intention of conducting combat exercises in several countries in the region and signing military agreements with Arab and African countries. The idea is to expand Turkish relations abroad to promote military exports, maximize economic returns and increase regional influence on the basis of hard power,” he continued: “Erdogan`s aggressive nationalism now spills over Turkey`s borders and aims to conquer land in Greece and Iraq.” The division of the Ottoman Empire was planned in several secret Allied agreements at the beginning of World War I, including the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916. The agreement gave Britain control of areas comprising roughly the coastal strip between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, Jordan, southern Iraq, and an additional small area that included the ports of Haifa and Acre to allow access to the Mediterranean. France has taken control of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. .